Cylindrical T-junction

Two same-diameter cylinders are connected at a 90% angle, forming a t-shape. A constant flow pours in through the left branch of the horizontal cylinder and splits into the two connecting branches. Numerically challenging due to the sharp edges and the long-tailed vortex in the vertical branch, this model is of interest for the study of artery grafts in medical physics.

Note the creation of a recirculation zone down-stream in the horizontal branch.